Self-Awareness and Bystander Response among University Students
Kesadaran Diri dan Respons Penonton di Kalangan Mahasiswa Universitas
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.21070/ijis.v13i2.1815Keywords:
Bystander Effect, Self-Awareness, Prosocial Behavior, Higher Education, PsychologyAbstract
Background: The bystander effect describes individuals’ reluctance to intervene in social emergencies. Specific Background: In university settings, self-awareness may play a crucial role in determining whether students act or remain passive. Gap: Previous studies have largely examined bystander behavior without considering internal self-regulation factors. Aim: This study aims to analyze the relationship between self-awareness and the bystander effect among university students. Results: The findings indicate a significant negative correlation, meaning that higher self-awareness levels correspond to lower bystander tendencies. Novelty: This study highlights the importance of self-awareness as a psychological factor influencing prosocial actions in educational contexts. Implications: The results can inform character education and social responsibility programs in higher education to reduce social apathy among students.
Highlights:
• The study connects self-awareness to bystander behavior
• Findings support the role of self-regulation in prosocial acts
• Provides evidence from university students in Indonesia
Keywords: Bystander Effect, Self-Awareness, Prosocial Behavior, Higher Education, Psychology
References
[1] G. Wiradharma and R. Septiyadi, “Bystander Effect: Ketidakpedulian Orang Urban,” Seminar Nasional Budaya Urban: Kajian Budaya Urban di Indonesia dalam Perspektif Ilmu Sosial dan Humaniora, pp. 98–108, 2017.
[2] D. Hantono and D. Pramitasari, “Aspek Perilaku Manusia Sebagai Makhluk Individu dan Sosial pada Ruang Terbuka Publik,” Nature: National Academic Journal of Architecture, vol. 5, no. 2, p. 85, 2018, doi: 10.24252/nature.v5i2a1.
[3] M. D. Sakunab and F. A. Riyanto, “Menggugah Pandangan Sempit tentang Manusia dengan Memahami Hakikat Manusia dalam Perspektif Metafisika,” Jurnal Ilmu Humaniora, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 481–495, 2023.
[4] A. Syaf, R. Ramadhani, and A. A. Putra, “Benarkah Empati Dapat Menurunkan Bystander Effect pada Remaja?,” Psychopolytan: Jurnal Psikologi, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 62–68, 2023, doi: 10.36341/psi.v7i1.3888.
[5] N. Komsiya, D. A. Triningtyas, and K. Kunci, “Perilaku Prososial Ditinjau dari Presentasi Diri dan Bystander Effect,” Jurnal Psikologi dan Konseling Indonesia, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 119–123, 2019.
[6] T. P. Muhti and Z. Fikry, “Korelasi Bystander Effect dengan Perilaku Prososial pada Mahasiswa,” Jurnal Pendidikan Tambusai, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 23665–23669, 2023.
[7] E. Kurniawan and G. Santoso, “Telaah Singkat Fenomena tentang Bystander Effect,” Jurnal Pendidikan Transformasi, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 35–39, 2022.
[8] A. B. Fahmi, “Dari Mengabaikan ke Menolong: Tinjauan Studi Bystander Effect,” Jurnal Ilmiah Penelitian Psikologi: Kajian Empiris dan Non-Empiris, vol. 3, no. 1, 2017.
[9] L. You and Y.-H. Lee, “The Bystander Effect in Cyberbullying on Social Network Sites: Anonymity, Group Size, and Intervention Intentions,” Telematics and Informatics, vol. 45, p. 101284, 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.tele.2019.101284.
[10] N. Soetikno, “Bullying Bystanders yang Berpotensi Hilangnya Nyawa Orang,” 2023.
[11] Maharani and H. Mahmudah, “Pengaruh Bystander Effect, Whistleblowing, dan Perilaku Etis terhadap Financial Statement Fraud,” Lembaga Penelitian dan Pengabdian Masyarakat Universitas Islam 45 Bekasi, vol. 18, no. 2, 2021.
[12] S. A. A. Zaedy, A. Setiawan, and T. Iriansyah, “Persepsi Citra Visual dan Pengaruh Bystander Effect terhadap Kehidupan Sosial di Masyarakat,” Visual Heritage: Jurnal Kreasi Seni dan Budaya, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 33–42, 2021.
[13] S. E. Taylor, L. A. Peplau, and D. O. Sears, Social Psychology, 12th ed. 2012.
[14] S. Bauman, J. Yoon, C. Iurino, and L. Hackett, “Experiences of Adolescent Witnesses to Peer Victimization: The Bystander Effect,” Journal of School Psychology, vol. 80, pp. 1–14, 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.jsp.2020.03.002.
[15] C. Bicer, “The Connection Between the Bystander Effect and Workplace Bullying in Organizations and the Ways to Overcome Its Major Negative Outcomes,” Journal of Humanities and Tourism Research, no. March, 2022, doi: 10.14230/johut1201.
[16] A. Mazzone, “Bystanders to Bullying: An Introduction to the Special Issue,” International Journal of Bullying Prevention, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 1–5, 2020, doi: 10.1007/s42380-020-00061-8.
[17] J. A. Lewis, Z. M. Himmelberger, and J. D. Elmore, “I Can See Myself Helping: The Effect of Self-Awareness on Prosocial Behaviour,” International Journal of Psychology, vol. 56, no. 5, pp. 710–715, 2021, doi: 10.1002/ijop.12733.
[18] M. London, V. I. Sessa, and L. A. Shelley, “Developing Self-Awareness: Learning Processes for Self- and Interpersonal Growth,” Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, vol. 10, pp. 261–288, 2023, doi: 10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-120920-044531.
[19] A. M. Rahmadhani and T. Taufik, “Hubungan Self-Awareness dengan Bystander Effect Siswa SMA Negeri 7 Sijunjung,” Jurnal Pendidikan Tambusai, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 2321–2331, 2024.
[20] R. P. Sihaloho, “Hubungan Antara Self-Awareness dengan Deindividuasi pada Mahasiswa Pelaku Hate Speech,” Jurnal Ilmiah Mandala Education, vol. 5, no. 2, p. 114, 2019, doi: 10.58258/jime.v5i2.795.
[21] C. La Ferle and S. Muralidharan, “Religion in Domestic Violence Prevention PSAs: The Role of Religiosity in Motivating Christian Bystanders to Intervene,” Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, vol. 58, no. 4, pp. 874–890, 2019, doi: 10.1111/jssr.12624.
[22] L. I. Mariyati, E. H. Ansyah, I. N. Akbar, S. Wafa, and M. N. A. Rahman, “Influence of Religiosity on Occupational Well-being and the Role of Mindfulness as a Mediator in Kindergarten Teachers as the SDGs Implementation,” Jurnal An-Nafs: Kajian Penelitian Psikologi, vol. 9, no. 1, 2024, doi: 10.33367/psi.v9i1.5280.
[23] J. M. Kelly, S. R. Kramer, and A. F. Shariff, “Religiosity Predicts Prosociality, Especially When Measured by Self-Report: A Meta-Analysis of Almost 60 Years of Research,” Psychological Bulletin, vol. 150, no. 3, pp. 284–318, 2024, doi: 10.1037/bul0000413.
[24] I. Diyai, H. Bidjuni, and F. Onibala, “Hubungan Kecerdasan Spiritual dengan Perilaku Altruistik pada Mahasiswa Keperawatan Universitas Sam Ratulangi Manado,” Jurnal Keperawatan, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 1–6, 2019, doi: 10.35790/jkp.v7i1.24332.
[25] J.-A. Tsang, R. L. Al-Kire, and J. L. Ratchford, “Prosociality and Religion,” Current Opinion in Psychology, vol. 40, pp. 67–72, 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2020.08.025.
[26] L. I. Mariyati and Hazim, “Apakah Kebahagiaan Dapat Mendorong Seseorang Membantu Sesama? Peranan Mediasi Psychological Well-being antara Religiusitas dan Filantropi pada Anggota Aisyiyah Sidoarjo,” G-Couns: Jurnal Bimbingan dan Konseling, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 866–879, 2024, doi: 10.31316/gcouns.v8i2.5741.
[27] F. Saguni and H. Fakhrurrozi, “The Investigate the Impact of Locus of Control and Self-Confidence on Prosocial Behavior and Religiosity among Students,” Nidhomul Haq: Jurnal Manajemen Pendidikan Islam, vol. 8, no. 3, 2023, doi: 10.31538/ndh.v8i3.4016.
[28] D. A. Septiana and J. Suroso, “Hubungan Konflik Peran Ganda dan Stres Kerja dengan Psychological Well-being Perawat di RSUD Dr. R. Goeteng Taroenadibrata Purbalingga,” As-Syar’i: Jurnal Bimbingan dan Konseling Keluarga, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 1051–1062, 2024, doi: 10.47467/as.v6i1.6135.
[29] S. Muralidharan and S. Pookulangara, “Exploring the Functional Distinction between Hindu Religiosity and Spirituality in Direct and Indirect Domestic Violence Prevention PSAs: A Study of Bystander Intervention in the Era of COVID-19,” International Journal of Advertising, vol. 41, no. 6, pp. 1121–1142, 2022, doi: 10.1080/02650487.2021.1988219.
[30] S. Maisarah, “Hubungan antara Public Self-Awareness dan Bystander Effect pada Remaja,” Universitas Islam Negeri Sultan Syarif Kasim Riau, 2022.
[31] V. Banyard, E. Moschella, J. Grych, and E. Jouriles, “What Happened Next? New Measures of Consequences of Bystander Actions to Prevent Interpersonal Violence,” Psychology of Violence, vol. 9, no. 6, pp. 664–674, 2019, doi: 10.1037/vio0000229.
[32] R. C. P. Shalsabilla, H. Pratikto, and A. R. Aristawati, “Self-Injury pada Dewasa Awal: Bagaimana Peranan Self-Awareness?,” Innovation Journal of Psychology Research, vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 764–771, 2023.
[33] J. Surya, M. E. Wibowo, and M. Mulawarman, “The Effect of Mindfulness and Self-Awareness on Coping Stress of Students at Buddhist Universities in Central Java,” Jurnal Bimbingan dan Konseling, vol. 12, no. 1, 2023, doi: 10.15294/jubk.v12i1.72879.
[34] M. El Akmal, M. D. K. R. Waruwu, Y. C. Br. Sinaga, J. Alisya, and N. Naween, “Self-Awareness dan Perilaku Faking pada Kegiatan Wawancara Kerja Karyawan,” Psyche 165 Journal, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 45–52, 2021, doi: 10.35134/jpsy165.v14i1.91.
[35] I. Nur Fadilah and E. H. Ansyah, “The Relationship Between the Bystander Effect and Prosocial Behavior in Students of the Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences at University,” Academic Open, vol. 7, pp. 1–12, 2022, doi: 10.21070/acopen.7.2022.5196.
[36] F. I. García-Vázquez, M. F. Durón-Ramos, R. Pérez-Rios, and R. E. Pérez-Ibarra, “Relationships Between Spirituality, Happiness, and Prosocial Bystander Behavior in Bullying—The Mediating Role of Altruism,” European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education, vol. 12, no. 12, pp. 1833–1841, 2022, doi: 10.3390/ejihpe12120128.
[37] A. M. Abu Al Ghanam, “Religiosity, Empathy, and Its Relationship with Prosocial Behaviour: The Mediating Role of Peer’s Relationship,” International Journal of Religion, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 256–266, 2024, doi: 10.61707/z3xbh904.
[38] A. Kausar, N. B. Alis, and S. B. Ismail, “Impact of Religious Orientation on Prosocial Behavior of Undergraduate University Students: Emotional Expressivity as Moderator,” Pakistan Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 172–178, 2023, doi: 10.52131/pjhss.2023.1101.0339.
[39] S. Jeyagobi, S. Munusamy, A. Rahman, A. Badayai, and J. Kumar, “Factors Influencing Negative Cyber-Bystander Behavior: A Systematic Literature Review,” Frontiers in Public Health, vol. 10, 2022, doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.965017.
[40] L.-L. Jiang, J. Gao, Z. Chen, W.-J. Li, and J. Kurths, “Reducing the Bystander Effect via Decreasing Group Size to Solve the Collective-Risk Social Dilemma,” Applied Mathematics and Computation, vol. 410, p. 126445, 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.amc.2021.126445.
[41] K. Yule, J. C. Hoxmeier, K. Petranu, and J. Grych, “The Chivalrous Bystander: The Role of Gender-Based Beliefs and Empathy on Bystander Behavior and Perceived Barriers to Intervention,” Journal of Interpersonal Violence, vol. 37, no. 1–2, pp. 863–888, 2020, doi: 10.1177/0886260520916277.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
Categories
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Ellyta Dirgadini Pagita, Lely Mariyati
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
